The authors wish to thank David B. Quinn for his helpful comments
on an earlier version of this essay. Any errors are our responsibility.

   (1) For George Calvert's early career, see James W. Foster, "George
Calvert: His Yorkshire Boyhood," Maryland Historical Magazine 60
(1960): 261-74; John D. Krugler, "'The Face of a Protestant, and the
Heart of a Papist': A Reexamination of Sir George Calvert's Conver-
sion to Roman Catholicism," Journal of Church and State 26 (1968):
507-15; idem, "Sir George Calvert's Designation as Secretary of State
and the Founding of Maryland," Maryland Historical Magazine 68
(1973): 239-245.

   (2) Russell R. Menard, "Economy and Society in Early Colonial
Maryland" (Ph. D. diss., University of Iowa, 1975), 8-11.

   (3) Ibid., 11-21.

   (4) Krugler, "'The Face of a Protestant,' " 521-531.

   (5) Menard, "Economy and Society in Early Colonial Maryland,"
2-3; John D. Krugler, "The Calvert Family, Catholicism, and Court
Politics in Early Seventeenth-Century England," The Historian 43
(1981): 379-80.

   (6) Thomas M. Coakley, "George Calvert and Newfoundland: 'The
Sad Face of Winter,'" Maryland Historical Magazine 71 (1976): 1-18;
R. J. Lahey, "The Role of Religion in Lord Baltimore's Colonial
Enterprise," ibid., 72 (1977): 492-511.

   (7) George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, to King Charles I, August 19,
1629, printed in J. Thomas Scharf, History of Maryland from the
Earliest Period to the Present Day, 3 vols. (Baltimore, Md., 1879;
reprinted, Hatboro, Pa., 1967), 1:44-45.

   (8) Russell R. Menard and Lois Green Carr, "The Lords Baltimore
and the Colonization of Maryland," in David B. Quinn, ed., Early
Maryland in a Wider World (Detroit, Mich., 1982), 174-175.

   (9) Ibid., 173, 176.

   (10) David B. Quinn, "Introduction: Prelude to Maryland," ibid.,
14-17, 19-20.

   (11) Ibid., 23; Menard, "Economy and Society in Early Colonial
Maryland," 21-22.

   (12) A translation of the Avalon charter is in the Sloane Ms., No. 170,
British Museum and printed in Scharf, History of Maryland, 1:33-40;
the first printed English version of the Maryland charter appeared in
[Jerome Hawley and John Lewger], A Relation of Maryland... (Lon-
don, 1635), reprinted in Clayton Colman Hall, ed., Narratives of
Early Maryland, 1633-1684 (New York, 1910; reprinted New York,
1967), 101-112, and as The Charter of Maryland, June 20, 1632, The

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